Consent searches in the Fourth Amendment Essay

The Fourth Amendment provides provisions that protect citizens from searches and seizures that are unreasonable. However, the individuals may waive their rights by consenting to searches. This essay is aimed at listing (Zalman, 2010), describing and explaining the rules regarding consent searches and providing a case study to illustrate the rules. When the court is called up on to determine whether consent was given for a search, it puts into consideration several issues. The first is that it considers the age, background and mental capacity of the subject. When the officer is seeking consent from the subject, he or she should not show weapons as that is considered to be coercive. In short, the officer should not use aggression to get the consent (Stephens & Glenn, 2006). The other rule is founded in the case Monroe v. Pape (1961) and which is based on the time the consent is sought. The rule requires officers to desist from seeking consents at night. Attempting to conduct a search at night is seen as evil and in a most obnoxious form (Zalman, 2010). Conclusion In conclusion, the law provides a waiver for the rights of protection from searches and seizures and the Fourth Amendment. However, the rules that govern such a waiver are so strict such that, an officer may find himself in breach easily if care is not exercised. These rules cover issues such as the mental capacity, age, time of getting the consent and the manner of soliciting such consent. As mentioned, care has to be exercised or otherwise the search constitutes a breach. References Zalman, M. (2010). Criminal Procedure : Constitution and Society, Sixth Edition. Prentice Hall.Hess, K. Orthman, C. H., & Cho, H. (2014). Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice. Cengage Learning. Top of Form Stephens, O. H., & Glenn, R. A. (2006). Unreasonable searches and seizures: Rights and liberties under the law. Santa Barbara, Calif. [u.a.: ABC-Clio. Bottom of Form Source document

Pride in Beowulf, Paradise Lost and Gulliver’s Travels Essay

The theme of pride has been treated in various literary texts – from the Old Testament to current literature. The scripture says: â€Å"Pride goes before destruction, and a haughty spirit before stumbling. † (Proverbs. 16:18) Pride has various consequences in varied circumstances. Religion views it as a sin, but pride is also used as a sentiment of honor associated with one’s family, nation, or profession which we glorify. In a sense pride is a kind of overstretched or excessive confidence in one’s power. It is necessary to a certain degree for the preservation of one’s dignity, but beyond that limit it is bad like excessive eating and drinking. Moreover, sometimes people are accused of pride even when its merits shine brighter than modesty. Oxford English Dictionary (online) defines pride as: â€Å"A high, esp. an excessively high, opinion of one’s own worth or importance which gives rise to a feeling or attitude of superiority over others; inordinate self-esteem. † In Beowulf king Hrothgar warns Beowulf against pride after his thumping victory over Grendel. In Gulliver’s Travels it is pride that leads to war as well as peace, in Paradise Lost Satan’s pride leads to his fall from heaven to hell, yet he continues his battle with pride and zeal. There are many proud moments in Beowulf’s life. The hero gains victory against colossal monsters thrice: first in his unarmed battle against Grendel, then with his chosen comrades against Grendel’s mother with some divine help, and finally his killing of the fire-breathing flying dragon in old age when he is mortally wounded and dies a hero’s death. But Beowulf’s innate humility is never affected by his outstanding success and even the offer of the crown and people’s adoration. As Hrothgar gives him a hero’s welcome and praises God for helping him with the gold hilt sword, â€Å"Take your place, then, with pride and pleasure,/ and move to the feast. † (ll. 1882-83) and then he examines the mighty gold hilt offered by Beowulf. He delivers a sermon on pride: â€Å" O flower of warriors, beware of that trap/†¦Do not give way to pride. / For a brief while your strength is in bloom/ but it fades quickly;† (ll. 759-1763). He talks wisely about the transience of human youth and power and cites his own example of ignoring the shape of things to come: â€Å"hard reversal from bliss to grief. Grendel struck/after lying in wait†. (ll. 174-76) So the word pride has been used in both good and bad senses. In Gulliver’s Travels pride has another dimension. OED also define pride as: â€Å"A consciousness of what befits, is due to, or is worthy of oneself or one’s position; self-respect; self-esteem, esp. of a legitimate or healthy kind or degree. Though of pigmy size the Lilliputians are highly efficient people proud of their skill. They feed, cloth and manage the Mountain man effectively and even with his help avoid a war with the Blefuscu. Only in Lilliput Gulliver is amazed to find the emperor and his administration strictly honors the rule of reward and punishment. In Brobdingnag Gulliver meets giants who are so honorable and civilized that they shudder at the mention of war and ammunitions. The imaginary lands and peoples provide Swift an opportunity of launching a scathing attack on the pride of English way of life. In spite of great intellectual powers, his pride turns out to be vanity. His overriding ambition to become a great literary man stood in the way of marriage to either â€Å"Stella† or â€Å"Vanessa†, and a man who hated children created a classic of children’s literature. His own obituary reveals the proud author and his works: â€Å"The body of Jonathan Swift, Doctor of Divinity, is buried here, where fierce indignation can tear his heart no more. Go traveler and imitate, if you can, one who strove with utmost to champion human liberty. In Milton’s Paradise Lost Satan defies the Almighty God and his angels to wage a war and seize power in heaven. Though he is hurled into hell as punishment, he provides leadership to his demoralized followers and with Beelzebub’s help holds a conference to wage â€Å"eternal war† against God. Like a proud leader with strategic insight he converts this defeat as a springboard for the next battle and accordingly inspires his followers with a thunderous call: â€Å"What though the field be lost? All is not lost: the unconquerable will,/ And study of revenge, immortal hate,†(ll. 105-07) He instills a confidence in his comrades that victory and defeat are in the hands of the fighters. So his clarion call to his army is addressed to boost their morale and shake off their depression: â€Å"Awake, arise, or be for ever fallen! †. (l. 330) The uncompromising nature of Satan is revealed in his speech: â€Å"our better part remains/ to work in close design, by fraud or guile,† (Bk. I. ll. 645-46) and his continual emphasis on victory: â€Å"For who can think submission? War then, war/ open or understood must be resolved. † (ll. 661-62) The opposition leader often resorts to disparaging remarks and undermining the image of his rival as Satan debunks God, â€Å"Who now triumphs, and in excess of joy/ sole reigning holds the tyranny of heaven. † (ll. 123-24) Satan shows the right mindset of a winner who would not accept anything short of victory as he speaks candidly about it: â€Å"To reign is worth ambition, though in Hell:/ Better to reign in Hell than serve in Heaven. (Bk. I. ll. 262-63) Satan represents the freedom-loving individualist who also demonstrates great pragmatic sense by adapting himself to the harsh realities of Hell and consoles himself with his psychological insight: â€Å"The mind is its own place, and in itself/ Can make a Heaven of Hell, a Hell of Heaven. † (Bk. I. ll. 254-255) From Beowulf, Gulliver’s Travels to Paradise Lost pride has evolved from good to bad and the worst; it has also passed through religious as well as secular ramifications.

Othello Portia and Desdemona Essay

Othello, Portia and DesdemonaIntroductionThey say art lives forever, while some say that nothing lasts forever, but nothing is as timeless in literature as the works of one William Shakespeare and his play, A midsummer Nights Dream. The plays have two different versions that follow the play closely, but they are as dissimilar as night and day. The first production of this play opened the New York City Ballet in April, 1964 at the New York State Theater. The second was a BBC production in 1981. These plays are different as much as they are similar. For example, in Act 3, Scene 2, the scene is mainly set up in the forest. In the 1981 version, the woods are fairly vague, which indicates a backdrop that has been painted? Even with color, there seems to lack the element of life and suspense. A similarly painted moon hangs on the backdrop of a similarly painted sky which makes things look more static and less lively. This version of the BCC Company focuses more on the development of characters rather than on the blend of character with a realistic backdrop. The Hollywood version of the play has tall and dark trees that make the forest seem haunted. The scene is big and to some extent overwhelming. In the 1980s things returned to a more conservative trend. Puck, for example, is a mysterious goblin or fairy who is full of mischief and riddles. The BBC version shows him to be a teenager who is darker than he is humorous. He also has pitch black hair and also wears fangs, which makes him a scary character in the play. In the Hollywood version of the play, Puck is a small boy rather than the presumed magical fairy. Although they speak the same lines, they have completely different attitudes. For example, in the BBC version, he sounds as if he is fed up while, in the Hollywood version, he sounds very much amused. Another distinct difference in the production of the play in both eras is in the mode of dressing of the characters. Hermia, for example, can be portrayed as either weak or strong depending on the director. In the 1981 version of it, she is portrayed as a strong and sweet lady full of emotions. She is passionate and she is in touch with her feelings. However, she is dressed in attire from the 1600s while, in the 1964 version, she is dressed in attire from the middle ages. In the 1964 version, she looks more like a fairy tale character. This way, she is not portrayed as a strong woman but a gentle and sweet eye candy. In the 1060s, women were viewed differently than they were in the 1980s. In the 1980s, women could have some opinion regarding their lives and issues that affected them. Another distinct difference in both plays is the fact that love was viewed differently by the society in both eras. Demetrius is in love with Hermia and at the same time, trying hard to get rid of Helena who has fallen in love with him, which angers him. In the 1981 version, he has dark hair and a goatee and in some way resembles a musketeer. When Puck bestows some magic on him, he suddenly becomes sweet and understanding and at the same time determined to get what he wants. In the 1964 version, he has no facial hair and he is more than perturbed by the persistence of Helena on her cause. Here, he pushes her away gently unlike the brutal way he puts her off in the 1981 version. This only shows two eras that the dramatic expressions and dismissals of love were taken differently. In the 1981 version, Helena is whiney and very confused. She dresses just like Hermia, but she is not quite as pretty as she is. In the 1964 version of the same play, she sounds very heartbroken and sad. In 1981, Helena made a speech that is more or less dramatic and demanding of attention according to recent times and cultures. In the 1964 version, she starts as a girl whose heart has been broken but ends up getting angry towards the end of her speech. This reflects on both cultures at the time whereby, in the 1980s, women could express their views, which included sudden outbursts. In the 1964 era, women were more conservative of their words and not much could trigger outbursts that were looked down upon. It is noteworthy that more distinct differences in both productions are not only limited to characters. They are also present in the overall scenes. For example, a big fight that happens in the forest was more physical in the 1981 version of the play. They splash severally in the puddles and often get in each others’ faces and the end, Hermia is both hurt and appalled. Helena, on the other hand, is confused. In the 1964 version of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the forest fight is more in a lively spirit and jest as compared to the previous aggressive play. Here, Helena does more scorning and Hermia gets angry at her for this. In conclusion, it is my personal opinion as a lover of plays, that the BBC version of 1981 best captures modern situations and responses to a situation such as anger and love. On the other hand, the Hollywood version of 1964 best depicts the Elizabethan times when life was less complicated and women had limited voices. Now, they just yell, scorn and dismiss in public even the most private of issues. Shakespeare’s Hamlet is rife with different themes, spectacular in fact but all the more, precise in their execution. The theme of abused women stands out in its own right, especially when Ophelia comes to question. Trust is the most formidable show of humility besides love in Shakespeare’s plays, but they each stand out in his or her own right. Trust and love becomes the joy and the demise of many female characters in Shakespeare’s plays. However strong they feel for each other, some die at the hands of their spouses while some lose the meaning of the word love. Just like Lavina, Ophelia is a victim to much abuse from the men that she trusts in her life. The act of trusting and depending on the men in her life costs Ophelia her sanity and ultimately her life. Both Ophelia’s irreconcilable attachment to Polonius and Hamlet as individuals, and holding on to the values of chastity and sensual love as ultimate goals leads to her demise. Both Ophelia and Lavina have a similarity in that they are both motherless and have been cared for by their fathers. Ophelia is obedient and pretty much naive, much like most female characters in Shakespearean books and plays. Even in the midst of her madness, she still keeps the simplicity and the purity that characterizes her. Lavina, daughter to Titus Andronicus is the quintessential good girl of the Shakespearean times. She is chaste, obedient and very quiet as was required of her, exactly like Ophelia. She is raped and thereafter mutilated by Chiron and Demetrius who cut her tongue off and her hands so that she is unable to identify them either in writing or speech. Just like Ophelia is used as a pawn by Polonius and subsequently held in a hall where she spends most days, Lavina is denied the right to speak by her abusers. It is true to say that their naivety is the main cause for their tragedy that comes in untimely yet crude fashions. If they had known better, they would have stayed clear and taken caution. Desdemona is one of the characters in Shakespeare’s Othello. She is a Venetian beauty who enrages and disappoints her father by the unforgivable act of eloping with Othello. He is a man several years her senior who is later deployed to Cyprus to serve the Republic of Venice, and Desdemona accompanies him. As time goes by, Othello’s ensign, Lago manipulates him to believing that Desdemona is an adulteress, and in the final act, Othello murders her. Portia, on the other hand, is an also a beautiful and gracious, yet rich heiress whose father has imposed conditions for her hand in marriage. Her father insists that her suitors choose one of three boxes, either of gold, silver or lead. These suitors are mainly princess from other lands, but Portia is in love with Bassanio who is not royalty. Portia’s father had imposed these conditions for marriage just to make sure that her daughter would be loved for who she was and not because of her wealth. Much like Desdemona and Portia, Jessica breaks her father’s heart when she steals from him and elopes with her lover Lancelot. Desdemona elopes with her lover and gets married in the absence of her father, Portia does not follow the rules her father sets out for her condition in marriage, and Jessica steals and elopes with her father’s ducats and servant. It is a betrayal by daughters to their fathers who seem to control to them, even from the grave. However, these fathers are more concerned about the financial well-being of their daughters’ futures rather than their happiness. The norm of love in Shakespearean writings may be described as being a passion the kindles the heart and brain and makes somebody as senseless as the day he or she was born. Girls like Hermia, Desdemona, Imogen, Portia, Jessica, Juliet and Anne Page all look forward to marriage without turning their affections elsewhere. Religion is a major theme that appears in Shakespeare’s Othello. Enmity is created on both the religious and economic fronts. Since the Turks are Moslems, Othello has no regard for them and even insults them by calling one of them ‘a circumcised dog.’ He is a Christian by religion and as well, fights for Christians. The incident of the handkerchief obsesses Othello and the anger connects him to a pre-Christian or a pre-Moslem belief. At first, he says that he is going to chop Desdemona into bits but later prepares to kill her as a sacrifice. Once he realizes what he has done, he takes his own life as he once killed the Turk (he is executing the Turk he sees that he has become who is anti-Christian). During the Shakespearean times, England was mainly protestant while Spain was a Catholic nation. However, after the invasion of Spain, Catholics gained ground and more English converted. Although it is not clearly known which denomination, Shakespeare was following the Catholic secretly, while it is believed that he was a member of the newly formed Anglican Church. Before the time of his birth, the Elizabeth Religious Settlement served the Church of England exclusively and, therefore, the Roman Catholic Church was surprises. Scholars claim that there was evidence that Shakespeare’s family were secretly Catholic followers and that he took up the line. The likeness of Othello to Shakespeare is that they both have a secret admiration of the religion that is loathed and looked down upon. Othello saw himself as a Moslem after he killed Desdemona, while Shakespeare is a secret follower of the Catholics. Character defines a man; wisdom defines great men while love defines a lot of things, inclusive of idiocrity and naivety among men. Love has brought great men to their knees while the same love has elevated other men to unimaginable heights. Material wealth has been acquired through many unscrupulous actions but the best of them has been through love. Some have inherited it; some have worked for it while some have married into it. In this life, it is only normal for a woman to marry into riches, but in the Merchant of Venice, the tables have turned. Bassanio, a poor fellow has his sights on a beautiful heiress, primarily not for her beauty, but for the fortune that is her name. He explains to Antonio that in Belmont, there’s a lady who has been richly left, who is fair and nothing about her has been undervalued. He uses words such as value to indicate his intention to get her hand in marriage, and become part of the wealthy. Bassanio sets out to impress Portia in a bid to win her hand in marriage but he has to borrow money from his friend, Antonio. He asks that Antonio thinks of his lending as an investment into the future, because Bassanio was sure of winning her hand and becoming the husband of a rich lady. When Portia is informed of the arrival of Bassanio, the young Venetian, she and Nerrisa rush to see him, giddy like school girls. She has affection for the young lad but she cannot break the rules for her hand in marriage. She has to let him play the game like all other suitors have done and if he would lose, he would lose her forever, and he would not e allowed to marry another lady. At first, Bassanio’s love for wealth and a lavish lifestyle trumps any feeling that he might have had for Portia initially but after her realizes this, affection for her grows. When the prince of Morocco fails to win Portia’s hand, she is more than happy and wishes that all men of such color face the same fate. However, the request to play music when Bassanio is about to pick a casket is features as witty and out of sheer love. The song she plays only leads to the choice that Bassanio makes, as Portia secretly directs him with the words of her song. Why Bassanio chose the Lead casket instead of the golden one is something of a mystery of the heart. If Bassanio would have listened to his head, he should have chosen the golden or the silver casket because he was in so much debt. He did not value Portia as a regular woman, but the girl born with a silver or golden spoon. The song that Portia sings while he chooses the casket is the only indication that Bassanio would have made the wrong choice had he not heard it. In addition to that, the arrival of Bassanio had made Portia inclined to delay his choosing of the casket so that they would have had a few moments together. The brief moments that they were together made Bassanio realize that he indeed wanted to spend his life with Portia and he would listen to her. With this in mind, Portia secretly guides him to pick the lead casket which is the right one. In relation to Othello, The Merchant of Venice is quite a love story. With Portia and Jessica and Desdemona in Othello and The Merchant of Venice respectively, all ladies have rich fathers who seem quite controlling of their daughters, even form the grave, as is Portia’s case. However, all ladies have rich fathers but their suitors are clearly not of the same social class. They are also dedicated to their mates, regardless of the outcome. In Othello, interracial marriage ends in death or suicide while in The Merchant of Venice, Portia ends up being happy while Jessica converts to Christianity and also leads a happy life with her spouse. In Othello, Desdemona is obedient and even accompanies her husband to battle, knowing that she is needed in some way. Portia on the other hand Guides Bassanio into choosing the right casket because she understands that he only has one chance to prove his worth. References â€Å"A Midsummer Night’s Dream By William Shakespeare About A Midsummer Night’s Dream.† About A Midsummer Night’s Dream. N.p., 9 Feb. 2012. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"As Different As Night and Day: A Midsummer Nightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Dream | carilynn27.† carilynn27. N.p., 29 Aug. 2010. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"Ophelia (character) | Online references | cyclopaedia.net.† Ophelia (character) | Online references | cyclopaedia.net. N.p., 24 May 2000. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"Othello Characters.† Othello Characters review at Absolute Shakespeare. N.p., 16 Sept. 2009. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"Shakespeare’s Treatment of Love and Marriage.† Shakespeare’s Treatment of Love and Marriage. N.p., 23 Feb. 2007. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"The (Un)speakability of Rape: Shakespeare’s Lucrece and Lavinia.† Scribd. N.p., 30 July 2012. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"The Bard, the Black, the Jew.† First Things. N.p., 4 Dec. 2005. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"The Merchant of Venice By William Shakespeare Character Analysis Bassanio.† Bassanio. N.p., 23 June 2000. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. â€Å"Themes in Shakespeare’s Othello (Gabriele Bernhard-Jackson).† Themes in Shakespeare’s Othello (Gabriele Bernhard-Jackson). N.p., 1 May 2009. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. . â€Å"William Shakespeare – An examination of two modern interpretations of Shakespeare’s `A Midsummer Night’s Dream’.† William Shakespeare – An examination of two modern interpretations of Shakespeare’s `A Midsummer Night’s Dream’. N.p., 5 Oct. 2006. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. .Shmoop Editorial Team. â€Å"Jessica in The Merchant of Venice.† Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. . Shmoop Editorial Team. â€Å"Lavinia in Titus Andronicus.† Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 5 Apr. 2014. . Shmoop Editorial Team. â€Å"Portia in The Merchant of Venice.† Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 4 Apr. 2014. . Source document

The current financial crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The current financial crisis - Essay Example The banks had a liquidity issue in their hands making the given and receiving of loans very difficult as the fallout from the subprime lending bubble burst. (Magdoff and Bellamy). This paper discusses the subprime crisis of America in 2007 and the Asian financial crisis of 1997 - 1998, and explaining the possible causes of the crises. The subprime crisis happened in America in the year 2007 and involved a national banking emergency which resulted in the famous economic US economic recession of 2008 (Raymond). The American business community had involved itself extensively with mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and collateralized debt obligations (CDO) due to the high returns from the high interest rates on mortgages. When lower credit quality was onset, however, there was a massive default with the disruptions in the flow of credit to both the businesses and the consumers. The result was a marked severe global recession. Several reasons were put up to explain the cause of the crisis but the fallout is generally considered to be from the sudden rise in the rates of subprime lending. According to Pierre (233), the rates of mortgages were originally low, about 8%. However, when the rates suddenly hiked to about 20% in the year 2006, it became apparently very high for the institutions offering these mortgage services. This hiked lending lead to a lowered standard of lending and a rise in higher-risk products from mortgages. Consequently, the US households became highly indebted with a sharp rise in the ratio of the amount that each of these households would dispose to the amount of debt in mortgages (Robert, 126). As was observed in mid-2006, it became very difficult for borrowers in the US to refinance their loans following a deep decline in the US home prices (James, 198). Mortgage felony was observed to rise following a reset of adjustable-mortgage rates to higher

Two assignments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Evaluation of a planned actiity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluation of a planned actiity - Essay Example But the ideas of some people concerning children growing up in bilingual environments have not in any way benefited these children, and may have an adverse effect on them. Therefore, when a parent changes jobs and it involves moving to a different part of the world, there is linguistic demand on them and their children (Romaine, 1995). During the first week, I observed the children in the role play area and offered guidance and assistance when needed. In the second week I joined the children in the role play area, initiating and supporting. Finally I introduced an old word processor in order to improve and extend the children’s writing skills. Children could use this to type things such as prescriptions, appointment sheets and health advice and print them off. By adding props which support early writing, it allows the children to make early attempts at writing through play. By adding this word processor to the role play area it will â€Å"help set the scene† for the topic area. This allows the children to get involved and makes the role play area more â€Å"meaningful† to the activity (Cooke, 1997, p. 122). On the first day, the teacher read a book called â€Å"A Day in the Life of a Doctor† to the whole class. The teaching assistant translated it to Urdu, a member of the EAL (English as Additional Language) department translated it to Tamil, and this in turn started a discussion about being ill and going to the doctor. A child in my group who is normally shy and timid started to participate in the conversation. When this child is home, her first language is Tamil and her English is very limited, however, listening to the lady translate it she started responding by telling how her sister had a cough and that her mum had to take her to the doctor. She was also listening to her peers explaining in English and she tried to start a simple sentence in English by saying â€Å"my mum†, then she stopped as she got embarrassed. This

Culture Wars and Teachings of the Past Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Culture Wars and Teachings of the Past - Essay Example This makes them edge when they hear other people drawing comparisons of the past and current happenings (Manning, 2003). History and all the aspects involved are not very palatable in many circles. This is pegged on the understanding that it is crucial to take time to understand the history and what it entailed. This will include digging up of past issues that will rub people in all the wrong ways. Opinionated facts about those that support standards and those that do not have taken centre stage for so many years. There is an example presented of women and many other minority groups that have risen in the historical issue. They have been linked to the formations and opinions that are currently applied in many decisions that are arrived at all over the world. Historians all over have supported this thought. This is with the realization that there is a connection between the way things are observed and what they were (McNay, 1999). This is what forms the cannons of their historical tea chings and observations. This has created the chance for them to teach history as they are expected to. This is with the mindset that as much as the past is the past, it has a relationship with the future. This is with respect to the mistakes made the successes endured and the strides that were made. This is at each and every step of the way as the general process of history was unfolding and taking centre stage. This is with respect to the raising of the historical standards or being content with aspects of multi culturalism that are being propagated and embraced (Dunn, 2000). Second Book Review- History on Trial The issue of the creation of national standards has had long standing complications. This is because every society has very many people that support and critic various ideologies. This is mostly the case in the event that they do not support the logic and opinions of the majority. Their diverse opinions, ideologies and beliefs, have created a system where it is practically impossible to relate (McNeill, 2009). The relationship that is drawn from all historical aspects ensure that it is seen the way that it is. The war is as a result of the diverse opinions that were arrived at during the formation of the national history standards project. The project had the sole aim of ensuring that historical standards were set. This was in relation to the general process of teaching and educating people in all aspects of history and all that it entailed. The historians propagate a system where they are entitled to the raised standards that will be used in many curriculums. They thought that the standards will have positive effects on the general process of teaching, analyzing and understanding history. This was arrived at because of the feelings that they had towards how history was being taught. Many historians supported this argument and the standards set (Nash, 2007). This was because it created a platform for them to ague objectively about the methodologies o f study. Historians take the study and understanding of history as a very delicate subject. They want history to be defined based on its overall aims, objectives and societal expectations. They want the platform to talk candidly about history and its effects on the way life is seen currently. This is based on the understanding that history